Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
1 Ethical and Professional Standards
1-1 Code of Ethics
1-2 Standards of Professional Conduct
1-3 Guidance for Standards I-VII
1-4 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
1-5 Application of the Code and Standards
2 Quantitative Methods
2-1 Time Value of Money
2-2 Discounted Cash Flow Applications
2-3 Statistical Concepts and Market Returns
2-4 Probability Concepts
2-5 Common Probability Distributions
2-6 Sampling and Estimation
2-7 Hypothesis Testing
2-8 Technical Analysis
3 Economics
3-1 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
3-2 The Firm and Market Structures
3-3 Aggregate Output, Prices, and Economic Growth
3-4 Understanding Business Cycles
3-5 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
3-6 International Trade and Capital Flows
3-7 Currency Exchange Rates
4 Financial Statement Analysis
4-1 Financial Reporting Mechanism
4-2 Income Statements, Balance Sheets, and Cash Flow Statements
4-3 Financial Reporting Standards
4-4 Analysis of Financial Statements
4-5 Inventories
4-6 Long-Lived Assets
4-7 Income Taxes
4-8 Non-Current (Long-term) Liabilities
4-9 Financial Reporting Quality
4-10 Financial Analysis Techniques
4-11 Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality
5 Corporate Finance
5-1 Capital Budgeting
5-2 Cost of Capital
5-3 Measures of Leverage
5-4 Dividends and Share Repurchases
5-5 Corporate Governance and ESG Considerations
6 Equity Investments
6-1 Market Organization and Structure
6-2 Security Market Indices
6-3 Overview of Equity Securities
6-4 Industry and Company Analysis
6-5 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
6-6 Equity Valuation: Applications and Processes
7 Fixed Income
7-1 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements
7-2 Fixed-Income Markets: Issuance, Trading, and Funding
7-3 Introduction to the Valuation of Fixed-Income Securities
7-4 Understanding Yield Spreads
7-5 Fundamentals of Credit Analysis
8 Derivatives
8-1 Derivative Markets and Instruments
8-2 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Commitments
8-3 Valuation of Contingent Claims
9 Alternative Investments
9-1 Alternative Investments Overview
9-2 Risk Management Applications of Alternative Investments
9-3 Private Equity Investments
9-4 Real Estate Investments
9-5 Commodities
9-6 Infrastructure Investments
9-7 Hedge Funds
10 Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning
10-1 Portfolio Management: An Overview
10-2 Investment Policy Statement (IPS)
10-3 Asset Allocation
10-4 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction
10-5 Risk Management in the Portfolio Context
10-6 Monitoring and Rebalancing
10-7 Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
10-8 Introduction to the Wealth Management Process
1-3 Guidance for Standards I-VII

1.3 Guidance for Standards I-VII - 1-3 Guidance for Standards I-VII

The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) program outlines seven key standards that guide ethical and professional behavior in the investment industry. These standards are crucial for maintaining integrity and trust in financial markets. Below, we will explore the 1-3 Guidance for Standards I-VII, which provides a framework for understanding and applying these standards effectively.

Standard I: Professionalism

Professionalism involves adhering to the highest ethical and professional standards. This standard emphasizes the importance of integrity, competence, and diligence in all professional activities. It requires CFA members to avoid conflicts of interest and to act in the best interest of their clients.

Example: A CFA member should disclose any potential conflicts of interest to their clients before making investment recommendations. This ensures transparency and builds trust.

Standard II: Integrity of Capital Markets

This standard focuses on the protection and enhancement of the integrity of capital markets. It requires members to avoid activities that could compromise market integrity, such as insider trading or market manipulation. Members must also report any violations of laws or regulations.

Example: If a CFA member comes across non-public information that could affect a stock's price, they must refrain from trading based on that information. This protects the fairness and transparency of the market.

Standard III: Duties to Clients

Duties to clients revolve around putting the interests of clients first. This includes providing unbiased and objective advice, managing conflicts of interest, and ensuring that clients are fully informed about their investments. Members must also act with prudence and care in managing client assets.

Example: A CFA member should recommend a diversified portfolio to a client, even if it means lower fees for the member, because it aligns with the client's long-term financial goals.

Standard IV: Duties to Employers

This standard outlines the responsibilities of CFA members to their employers. It requires loyalty, integrity, and avoidance of conflicts of interest. Members must also protect confidential information and act in the best interest of their employer.

Example: A CFA member should not use proprietary information from their current employer to benefit a future employer, ensuring loyalty and integrity in their professional conduct.

Standard V: Investment Analysis, Recommendations, and Actions

This standard focuses on the quality and integrity of investment analysis and recommendations. It requires members to conduct thorough research, maintain objectivity, and communicate their findings clearly. Members must also disclose any limitations or biases in their analysis.

Example: A CFA member should disclose any personal investments that could influence their analysis, ensuring that their recommendations remain unbiased and objective.

Standard VI: Conflicts of Interest

Conflicts of interest are a significant concern in the investment industry. This standard requires members to identify, disclose, and manage conflicts of interest to prevent harm to clients or employers. Members must also act with integrity and avoid actions that could compromise their professional judgment.

Example: A CFA member should disclose any financial incentives they receive for recommending certain products, ensuring that their clients are aware of any potential biases.

Standard VII: Responsibilities as a CFA Institute Member or CFA Candidate

This standard emphasizes the importance of upholding the reputation of the CFA Institute and the CFA designation. It requires members and candidates to adhere to the Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct, participate in continuing education, and contribute to the advancement of the investment profession.

Example: A CFA candidate should refrain from discussing exam content with others to maintain the integrity of the CFA program and the value of the CFA designation.