Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
1 Ethical and Professional Standards
1-1 Code of Ethics
1-2 Standards of Professional Conduct
1-3 Guidance for Standards I-VII
1-4 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
1-5 Application of the Code and Standards
2 Quantitative Methods
2-1 Time Value of Money
2-2 Discounted Cash Flow Applications
2-3 Statistical Concepts and Market Returns
2-4 Probability Concepts
2-5 Common Probability Distributions
2-6 Sampling and Estimation
2-7 Hypothesis Testing
2-8 Technical Analysis
3 Economics
3-1 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
3-2 The Firm and Market Structures
3-3 Aggregate Output, Prices, and Economic Growth
3-4 Understanding Business Cycles
3-5 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
3-6 International Trade and Capital Flows
3-7 Currency Exchange Rates
4 Financial Statement Analysis
4-1 Financial Reporting Mechanism
4-2 Income Statements, Balance Sheets, and Cash Flow Statements
4-3 Financial Reporting Standards
4-4 Analysis of Financial Statements
4-5 Inventories
4-6 Long-Lived Assets
4-7 Income Taxes
4-8 Non-Current (Long-term) Liabilities
4-9 Financial Reporting Quality
4-10 Financial Analysis Techniques
4-11 Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality
5 Corporate Finance
5-1 Capital Budgeting
5-2 Cost of Capital
5-3 Measures of Leverage
5-4 Dividends and Share Repurchases
5-5 Corporate Governance and ESG Considerations
6 Equity Investments
6-1 Market Organization and Structure
6-2 Security Market Indices
6-3 Overview of Equity Securities
6-4 Industry and Company Analysis
6-5 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
6-6 Equity Valuation: Applications and Processes
7 Fixed Income
7-1 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements
7-2 Fixed-Income Markets: Issuance, Trading, and Funding
7-3 Introduction to the Valuation of Fixed-Income Securities
7-4 Understanding Yield Spreads
7-5 Fundamentals of Credit Analysis
8 Derivatives
8-1 Derivative Markets and Instruments
8-2 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Commitments
8-3 Valuation of Contingent Claims
9 Alternative Investments
9-1 Alternative Investments Overview
9-2 Risk Management Applications of Alternative Investments
9-3 Private Equity Investments
9-4 Real Estate Investments
9-5 Commodities
9-6 Infrastructure Investments
9-7 Hedge Funds
10 Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning
10-1 Portfolio Management: An Overview
10-2 Investment Policy Statement (IPS)
10-3 Asset Allocation
10-4 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction
10-5 Risk Management in the Portfolio Context
10-6 Monitoring and Rebalancing
10-7 Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
10-8 Introduction to the Wealth Management Process
Ethical and Professional Standards

1 Ethical and Professional Standards - Ethical and Professional Standards

Key Concepts

Ethical and Professional Standards are foundational principles that guide the behavior and decision-making of Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) professionals. These standards ensure that financial professionals act with integrity, competence, and respect for the public trust. The key concepts include:

Integrity

Integrity is the cornerstone of ethical behavior. It involves making decisions that are honest and transparent, even when no one is watching. For instance, a CFA professional must disclose any potential conflicts of interest to clients and avoid actions that could mislead or deceive.

Example: A CFA analyst discovers that a stock they are recommending has a hidden flaw. Instead of proceeding with the recommendation, the analyst discloses the flaw to clients, ensuring transparency and maintaining trust.

Competence

Competence means continuously improving one's skills and knowledge to provide the highest level of service. This involves staying updated with industry trends, regulatory changes, and new financial tools. A competent CFA professional is always learning and adapting to new challenges.

Example: A CFA portfolio manager regularly attends seminars and reads industry journals to stay informed about new investment strategies and market conditions, ensuring they can make informed decisions for their clients.

Diligence

Diligence requires a thorough and careful approach to all professional tasks. This includes conducting comprehensive research, double-checking facts, and being meticulous in record-keeping. Diligence helps prevent errors and ensures that all actions are well-considered.

Example: A CFA research analyst spends extra time verifying data sources and cross-referencing information before publishing a report, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the findings.

Confidentiality

Confidentiality is crucial in maintaining trust with clients and employers. It involves protecting sensitive information and not disclosing it to unauthorized parties. This principle is especially important in the financial industry, where insider information can have significant consequences.

Example: A CFA advisor receives confidential information about a client's financial situation. The advisor ensures that this information is kept secure and does not share it with colleagues or external parties without explicit permission.

Fair Dealing

Fair Dealing ensures that all clients are treated equally and without prejudice. It involves providing unbiased advice and services, regardless of personal preferences or external pressures. Fair Dealing promotes a level playing field and builds long-term client relationships.

Example: A CFA financial planner advises all clients based on their individual needs and goals, without favoring any particular client or investment product. This approach ensures that each client receives the best possible guidance.