Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA)
1 Ethical and Professional Standards
1-1 Code of Ethics
1-2 Standards of Professional Conduct
1-3 Guidance for Standards I-VII
1-4 Introduction to the Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
1-5 Application of the Code and Standards
2 Quantitative Methods
2-1 Time Value of Money
2-2 Discounted Cash Flow Applications
2-3 Statistical Concepts and Market Returns
2-4 Probability Concepts
2-5 Common Probability Distributions
2-6 Sampling and Estimation
2-7 Hypothesis Testing
2-8 Technical Analysis
3 Economics
3-1 Topics in Demand and Supply Analysis
3-2 The Firm and Market Structures
3-3 Aggregate Output, Prices, and Economic Growth
3-4 Understanding Business Cycles
3-5 Monetary and Fiscal Policy
3-6 International Trade and Capital Flows
3-7 Currency Exchange Rates
4 Financial Statement Analysis
4-1 Financial Reporting Mechanism
4-2 Income Statements, Balance Sheets, and Cash Flow Statements
4-3 Financial Reporting Standards
4-4 Analysis of Financial Statements
4-5 Inventories
4-6 Long-Lived Assets
4-7 Income Taxes
4-8 Non-Current (Long-term) Liabilities
4-9 Financial Reporting Quality
4-10 Financial Analysis Techniques
4-11 Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality
5 Corporate Finance
5-1 Capital Budgeting
5-2 Cost of Capital
5-3 Measures of Leverage
5-4 Dividends and Share Repurchases
5-5 Corporate Governance and ESG Considerations
6 Equity Investments
6-1 Market Organization and Structure
6-2 Security Market Indices
6-3 Overview of Equity Securities
6-4 Industry and Company Analysis
6-5 Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools
6-6 Equity Valuation: Applications and Processes
7 Fixed Income
7-1 Fixed-Income Securities: Defining Elements
7-2 Fixed-Income Markets: Issuance, Trading, and Funding
7-3 Introduction to the Valuation of Fixed-Income Securities
7-4 Understanding Yield Spreads
7-5 Fundamentals of Credit Analysis
8 Derivatives
8-1 Derivative Markets and Instruments
8-2 Pricing and Valuation of Forward Commitments
8-3 Valuation of Contingent Claims
9 Alternative Investments
9-1 Alternative Investments Overview
9-2 Risk Management Applications of Alternative Investments
9-3 Private Equity Investments
9-4 Real Estate Investments
9-5 Commodities
9-6 Infrastructure Investments
9-7 Hedge Funds
10 Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning
10-1 Portfolio Management: An Overview
10-2 Investment Policy Statement (IPS)
10-3 Asset Allocation
10-4 Basics of Portfolio Planning and Construction
10-5 Risk Management in the Portfolio Context
10-6 Monitoring and Rebalancing
10-7 Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)
10-8 Introduction to the Wealth Management Process
9. Alternative Investments Explained

9 Alternative Investments - 9. Alternative Investments Explained

Key Concepts

Private Equity

Private Equity involves investing in companies that are not publicly traded. These investments are typically made through funds that buy, improve, and sell companies for a profit. Private equity firms often focus on leveraged buyouts, growth capital, and venture capital.

Example: A private equity fund buys a struggling manufacturing company, implements operational improvements, and sells the company at a higher valuation several years later.

Hedge Funds

Hedge Funds are investment vehicles that use various strategies, including long/short equity, arbitrage, and derivatives, to generate returns regardless of market conditions. They often employ leverage and are typically only accessible to accredited investors.

Example: A hedge fund manager takes long positions in technology stocks and short positions in energy stocks, aiming to profit from the differential performance of these sectors.

Real Estate

Real Estate investments involve purchasing, managing, and selling property for profit. This can include residential, commercial, and industrial properties. Real estate investments can be made directly or through real estate investment trusts (REITs).

Example: An investor buys a multi-family apartment building, collects rent from tenants, and sells the property after several years when the market value has increased.

Commodities

Commodities are raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold, such as oil, gold, and wheat. Commodities can be traded on exchanges or through futures contracts, providing diversification and hedging against inflation.

Example: An investor buys gold futures contracts, expecting the price of gold to rise due to geopolitical instability, and sells the contracts at a profit when the price increases.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure investments involve assets such as roads, bridges, airports, and utilities that provide essential services. These investments are often long-term and can offer stable cash flows and inflation protection.

Example: A pension fund invests in a toll road project, receiving regular payments from toll revenues over the life of the project, which can span several decades.

Venture Capital

Venture Capital is a form of private equity that provides funding to startups and small businesses with high growth potential. Venture capitalists typically invest in exchange for equity and aim to exit their investments through an initial public offering (IPO) or acquisition.

Example: A venture capital firm invests in a biotech startup developing a new drug, hoping to see the company go public or be acquired by a larger pharmaceutical company, resulting in a significant return on investment.

Art and Collectibles

Art and Collectibles include investments in rare paintings, antiques, and other unique items. These assets can appreciate in value over time and are often considered a store of wealth, though they can be illiquid and subject to market sentiment.

Example: An investor buys a rare painting by a famous artist, holding it for several years until the market value increases, and then sells it at an art auction for a profit.

Cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security. They operate on decentralized networks based on blockchain technology. Cryptocurrencies can be highly volatile but offer the potential for significant returns.

Example: An investor buys Bitcoin, expecting its value to rise due to increasing adoption and technological advancements, and sells it when the price reaches a desired level.

Structured Products

Structured Products are complex financial instruments created by combining traditional securities with derivatives. They are designed to offer customized risk-return profiles and can be used for hedging, income generation, or capital appreciation.

Example: A structured product combines a bond with an option on a stock index, providing the investor with a fixed income stream and the potential for upside participation in the stock market.