Science for Grade 7
1 Introduction to Science
1-1 Definition of Science
1-2 Importance of Science in Daily Life
1-3 Scientific Method
1-3 1 Observation
1-3 2 Hypothesis
1-3 3 Experimentation
1-3 4 Analysis
1-3 5 Conclusion
2 Matter and Its Properties
2-1 States of Matter
2-1 1 Solid
2-1 2 Liquid
2-1 3 Gas
2-2 Properties of Matter
2-2 1 Mass
2-2 2 Volume
2-2 3 Density
2-2 4 Solubility
2-3 Changes in Matter
2-3 1 Physical Changes
2-3 2 Chemical Changes
2-4 Mixtures and Solutions
2-4 1 Types of Mixtures
2-4 2 Separation Techniques
3 Force and Motion
3-1 Types of Forces
3-1 1 Gravitational Force
3-1 2 Frictional Force
3-1 3 Magnetic Force
3-1 4 Electrostatic Force
3-2 Motion
3-2 1 Speed and Velocity
3-2 2 Acceleration
3-2 3 Newton's Laws of Motion
3-2 3-1 First Law (Inertia)
3-2 3-2 Second Law (Force and Acceleration)
3-2 3-3 Third Law (Action and Reaction)
4 Energy
4-1 Forms of Energy
4-1 1 Kinetic Energy
4-1 2 Potential Energy
4-1 3 Thermal Energy
4-1 4 Electrical Energy
4-1 5 Light Energy
4-1 6 Sound Energy
4-2 Energy Conversion
4-2 1 Mechanical to Electrical
4-2 2 Chemical to Thermal
4-2 3 Light to Electrical
4-3 Conservation of Energy
5 Heat and Temperature
5-1 Temperature
5-1 1 Measurement of Temperature
5-1 2 Temperature Scales
5-2 Heat Transfer
5-2 1 Conduction
5-2 2 Convection
5-2 3 Radiation
5-3 Effects of Heat
5-3 1 Expansion
5-3 2 Change of State
6 Light and Sound
6-1 Light
6-1 1 Sources of Light
6-1 2 Reflection
6-1 3 Refraction
6-1 4 Lenses and Mirrors
6-2 Sound
6-2 1 Production of Sound
6-2 2 Properties of Sound
6-2 3 Reflection of Sound
6-2 4 Applications of Sound
7 Earth and Space
7-1 Earth's Structure
7-1 1 Crust
7-1 2 Mantle
7-1 3 Core
7-2 Earth's Atmosphere
7-2 1 Layers of the Atmosphere
7-2 2 Weather and Climate
7-3 Solar System
7-3 1 Planets
7-3 2 Sun
7-3 3 Moon
7-4 Space Exploration
7-4 1 Rockets
7-4 2 Satellites
7-4 3 Space Stations
8 Living Organisms and Ecosystems
8-1 Classification of Living Organisms
8-1 1 Kingdoms
8-1 2 Species
8-2 Ecosystems
8-2 1 Components of an Ecosystem
8-2 2 Food Chains and Webs
8-3 Adaptations
8-3 1 Physical Adaptations
8-3 2 Behavioral Adaptations
8-4 Human Impact on Ecosystems
8-4 1 Pollution
8-4 2 Conservation Efforts
9 Health and Nutrition
9-1 Human Body Systems
9-1 1 Circulatory System
9-1 2 Respiratory System
9-1 3 Digestive System
9-1 4 Nervous System
9-2 Nutrition
9-2 1 Essential Nutrients
9-2 2 Balanced Diet
9-3 Diseases and Prevention
9-3 1 Infectious Diseases
9-3 2 Non-infectious Diseases
9-3 3 Hygiene and Prevention
10 Environmental Science
10-1 Natural Resources
10-1 1 Renewable Resources
10-1 2 Non-renewable Resources
10-2 Pollution
10-2 1 Air Pollution
10-2 2 Water Pollution
10-2 3 Soil Pollution
10-3 Sustainable Development
10-3 1 Importance of Sustainability
10-3 2 Sustainable Practices
10-4 Climate Change
10-4 1 Causes of Climate Change
10-4 2 Effects of Climate Change
10-4 3 Mitigation Strategies
10.2 Pollution Explained

Understanding Pollution

Key Concepts

1. Definition of Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. It includes air, water, and land pollution.

2. Types of Pollution

Pollution can be categorized into air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, and noise pollution.

3. Sources of Pollution

Sources of pollution include industrial activities, transportation, agricultural practices, and improper waste disposal.

4. Effects of Pollution

Pollution affects human health, ecosystems, and the climate. It can lead to respiratory diseases, waterborne illnesses, and habitat destruction.

5. Air Pollution

Air pollution is the contamination of the air by harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.

6. Water Pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances, such as chemicals, plastics, and agricultural runoff.

7. Land Pollution

Land pollution is the contamination of soil and land by harmful substances, such as industrial waste, pesticides, and plastic debris.

8. Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is the excessive and harmful level of noise in the environment, which can cause hearing loss and stress.

9. Prevention and Control

Pollution can be prevented and controlled through measures such as reducing emissions, proper waste management, and implementing environmental regulations.

10. Global Efforts

Global efforts to combat pollution include international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, and initiatives to promote clean energy and sustainable practices.

Explanation of Each Concept

1. Definition of Pollution

Pollution occurs when harmful substances are introduced into the environment, leading to adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and the climate.

2. Types of Pollution

Air pollution affects the quality of the air we breathe, water pollution contaminates water bodies, land pollution affects soil and land, and noise pollution disrupts the natural sound environment.

3. Sources of Pollution

Industrial activities release harmful gases and chemicals, transportation contributes to air pollution, agricultural practices use pesticides and fertilizers that can contaminate water and soil, and improper waste disposal leads to land pollution.

4. Effects of Pollution

Pollution can cause respiratory diseases, such as asthma and lung cancer, waterborne illnesses, such as cholera and dysentery, and habitat destruction, leading to loss of biodiversity.

5. Air Pollution

Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter, into the atmosphere. It can lead to smog, acid rain, and respiratory problems.

6. Water Pollution

Water pollution is caused by the introduction of harmful substances, such as chemicals, plastics, and agricultural runoff, into water bodies. It can lead to the contamination of drinking water and harm aquatic life.

7. Land Pollution

Land pollution is caused by the contamination of soil and land with harmful substances, such as industrial waste, pesticides, and plastic debris. It can lead to soil degradation and loss of fertile land.

8. Noise Pollution

Noise pollution is caused by excessive and harmful levels of noise, such as traffic, industrial machinery, and construction activities. It can lead to hearing loss, stress, and sleep disturbances.

9. Prevention and Control

Pollution can be prevented and controlled through measures such as reducing emissions from factories and vehicles, proper waste management, and implementing environmental regulations to limit the release of harmful substances.

10. Global Efforts

Global efforts to combat pollution include international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming, and initiatives to promote clean energy, such as solar and wind power, and sustainable practices.

Examples and Analogies

Example 1: Air Pollution

Think of air pollution as a thick fog that reduces visibility and makes it difficult to breathe. Just as fog can obscure your view, air pollution can obscure the clarity of the air and harm human health.

Example 2: Water Pollution

Water pollution can be compared to a glass of water that has been contaminated with dirt and chemicals. Just as the dirt makes the water undrinkable, water pollution makes water bodies unsafe for drinking and aquatic life.

Analogy: Land Pollution

Land pollution can be compared to a garden that has been filled with trash and chemicals. Just as the trash and chemicals harm the garden, land pollution harms the soil and land, making it difficult for plants to grow and ecosystems to thrive.